Hinamatsuri (???, Hina-matsuri), also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is a special day in Japan. Hinamatsuri is celebrated each year on March 3. Platforms covered with a red carpet are used to display a set of ornamental dolls (???, hina-ningy?) representing the Emperor, Empress, attendants, and musicians in traditional court dress of the Heian period.
Video Hinamatsuri
Origin and customs
Hinamatsuri traces its origins to a Heian period custom called hina-nagashi (???, lit. "doll floating"), in which straw hina dolls are set afloat on a boat and sent down a river to the sea, supposedly taking troubles or bad spirits with them. The Shimogamo Shrine (part of the Kamo Shrine complex in Kyoto) celebrates the Nagashi-bina by floating these dolls between the Takano and Kamo Rivers to pray for the safety of children. People have stopped doing this now because of fishermen catching the dolls in their nets. They now send them out to sea, and when the spectators are gone they take the dolls out of the water and bring them back to the temple and burn them.
The customary drink for the festival is shirozake, a sake made from fermented rice. A colored hina-arare, bite-sized crackers flavored with sugar or soy sauce depending on the region, and hishimochi, a diamond-shaped colored rice cake, are served. Chirashizushi (sushi rice flavored with sugar, vinegar, topped with raw fish and a variety of ingredients) is often eaten. A salt-based soup called ushiojiru containing clams still in the shell is also served. Clam shells in food are deemed the symbol of a united and peaceful couple, because a pair of clam shells fits perfectly, and no pair but the original pair can do so.
Families generally start to display the dolls in February and take them down immediately after the festival. Superstition says that leaving the dolls past March 4 will result in a late marriage for the daughter.
U.S. State of Hawaii and Florence, (Italy) (through the patronage of the Embassy of Japan, the Japanese Institute and the historical Gabinetto Vieusseux) also celebrate Hinamatsuri.
Maps Hinamatsuri
Placement
The Kant? region and Kansai region have different placement orders of the dolls from left to right, but the order of dolls per level is the same.
The term for the platform in Japanese is hina dan (??). The layer of covering is called dankake (??) or simply hi-m?sen (???), a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom.
First platform, the top
The top tier holds two dolls, known as imperial dolls (??? (?????), dairi-bina). The words dairi means "imperial palace". These are the Emperor (??, O-bina) holding a ritual baton (?, shaku) and Empress (??, Me-bina) holding a fan, often mistakenly called Odairi-sama (????) and Ohina-sama (???) respectively.
The dolls are usually placed in front of a gold folding screen by?bu (??) and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.
Optional are the two lampstands, called bonbori (??), and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as hibukuro (??), which are usually decorated with cherry or ume blossom patterns.
Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as sanb? kazari (???), composing of two vases of artificial peach branch kuchibana (??).
The traditional Kansai style arrangement had the male on the right, while modern Kanto style arrangements had him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).
Second platform
The second tier holds three court ladies san-nin kanjo (????). Each holds sake equipment. From the viewer's perspective, the standing lady on the right is the long-handled sake-bearer Nagae no ch?shi (?????), the standing lady on the left is the backup sake-bearer Kuwae no ch?shi (?????), and the only lady in the middle is the seated sake bearer Sanp? (??).
Accessories placed between the ladies are takatsuki (??), stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding hishimochi.
Third platform
The third tier holds five male musicians gonin bayashi (????). Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan.
Left to right, from viewer's perspective, they are the:
- Small drum Taiko (??), seated,
- Large drum ?tsuzumi (??), standing,
- Hand drum Kotsuzumi (??), standing,
- Flute Fue (?), or Yokobue (??), seated,
- Singer Utaikata (???), holding a folding fan sensu (??), standing.
Fourth platform
Two ministers (daijin) may be displayed on the fourth tier: the Minister of the Right (???, Udaijin) and the Minister of the Left (???, Sadaijin). The Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is much older. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on the viewer's left and the Minister of the Left will be on the viewer's right. Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows.
Between the two figures are covered bowl tables kakebanzen (???), also referred to as o-zen (??), as well as diamond-shaped stands hishidai (??) bearing diamond-shaped ricecakes hishimochi (??). Hishidai with feline-shaped legs are known as nekoashigata hishidai (?????).
Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a mandarin orange tree Ukon no tachibana (????), and on the leftmost, a cherry blossom tree Sakon no sakura (????).
Fifth platform
The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three helpers or samurai as the protectors of the Emperor and Empress. From left to right (viewer's perspective):
- Maudlin drinker nakij?go (????),
- Cantankerous drinker okorij?go (????), and
- Merry drinker waraij?go (????)
Other platforms
On the sixth and seventh tiers, a variety of miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.
Sixth platform
These are items used within the palatial residence.
- tansu (??) : chest of (usually five) drawers, sometimes with swinging outer covering doors.
- nagamochi (??) : long chest for kimono storage.
- hasamibako (??) : smaller clothing storage box, placed on top of nagamochi.
- ky?dai (??) : literally mirror stand, a smaller chest of drawers with a mirror on top.
- haribako (??) : sewing kit box.
- two hibachi (??) : braziers.
- daisu (??) : a set of ocha d?gu (????) or cha no yu d?gu (?????), utensils for the tea ceremony.
Seventh platform, the bottom
These are items used when away from the palatial residence.
- jubako (??), a set of nested lacquered food boxes with either a cord tied vertically around the boxes or a stiff handle that locks them together.
- gokago (??? or ???), a palanquin.
- goshoguruma (???), an ox-drawn carriage favored by Heian nobility. This last is sometimes known as gisha or gyuusha (??).
- Less common, hanaguruma (??), an ox drawing a cart of flowers.
Collectors
Japanese dolls or Ningyo are broken down into several subcategories. Two of the most prominent are Girl's Day, hina-ningyo, and the Boy's Day musha-ningyo, or display dolls, sagu-ningyo, gosho-ningyo, and isho-ningyo (Scott, 2008). Collections can be categorized by the material they are made of such as wood dolls kamo-ningyo and nara-ningyo and, clay forms such as fushimi-ningyo and Hakata ningyo.
In the nineteenth century ningyo were introduced to the West. Doll collecting has since become a popular pastime in the West (Scott, 2008).Template:Citation unclear Famous well known collectors from the West include individuals such as James Tissot (1836-1902), Jules Adeline (1845-1909), Eloise Thomas (1907-1982), and Samuel Pryor (1898-1985). James Tissot was known to be a religious history painter. In 1862, after attending a London Exhibition, he was drawn to Japanese Art. During the 1860s, Tissot was known as one of the most important collectors of Japanese art in Paris. His collections included kosode-style kimonos, paintings, bronze, ceramics, screens and a number bijan-nigyo (dolls from late Edo period) (Scott, 2008). Adeline was known as a working artist and he is also known as "Mikika". Adeline produced many works throughout his career as a working artist. He is best known for his "etchings" and received the Cross of the Legion of Honor for his Vieuex-Roven "Le Parvis Notre-Dame". Unlike Tissot, Adeline is recognized as a true collector. A majority of Adeline's collection consisted of ningyo, and only a few prints.
During the Meiji Era, three men became pioneers in collecting ningyo, Kurihara Sokotsu (1851-1913), Nishizawa, Senko (1864-1914), and Tsuboi Shogoro (1863-1913). The three men are referred to as "Gangu San Ketsu" (the three great toy collectors). They introduced a systematic approach to collecting ningyo in an effort to preserve and document the various forms of ningyo (Scott, 2008). Shimizu Seifu, an artist and calligrapher, put his artistic ability to use by creating an illustrated catalog of his own collection of 440 ningyo dolls. The catalog was published in 1891, under the title Unai no Tomo. Nishizawa Senko, a banker, gathered a significant collection on hina-ningyo. He was an active researcher, collector of stories, documents, and information relating to the development of hina-ningyo during the Edo period. Senko's son Tekiho (1889-1965) inherited his collection but a great portion of the collection was lost in the Kanto earthquake of 1923. (Scott, 2008). Tsuboi Shogoro, the first appointed Professor of Anthropology at the Tokyo Imperial University (Yamashita, Bosco, & Seymour, 2004), was the most trained of the three, and he brought a scientific element to the collecting of ningyo. Dolls have been a part of Japanese culture for many years, and the phenomenon of collecting them is still practiced. Many collections are preserved in museums, including the Peabody Essex Museum, Kyoto National Museum, and the Yodoko Guest House.
See also
- Public holidays in Japan
- Japanese festivals
- Japanese traditional dolls
- Tango no Sekku
- Yurihonjo hinakaido - an annual trail of hina doll displays in Yurihonjo City
- Golu - a similar tradition in India
References
Further reading
- Ishii, Minako. Girls' Day/Boys' Day. Honolulu: Bess Press Inc., 2007. ISBN 1-57306-274-X. A children's picture book.
External links
- Hinamatsuri (Doll's Festival)
- Hinamatsuri in Sado, Niigata, Japan (Doll's Festival)
- Video on Hinamatsuri (Hinamatsuri Girls' Day | Doll's Festival)
Source of article : Wikipedia
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